Long Term Harm: Breaking The Maternal Bond

Some research suggests that the breaking of the maternal bond leads to schizophrenia, drug dependancy and learning difficulties.  Many articles on the subject of the maternal bond in nearly all cases demonstrated the adverse outcomes of the broken bond.  It is comparable to the interference with mother earth, the consumption of her resources and breaking the bond with the potential for future life.  In other words, it is messing with the natural world as we know it and the future lives of others.  When I refer to the linkage between the destruction of nature and the destruction of human nature, I do not shy away from the instigator of it all: Patriarchy.  

Men have historically, but not naturally been in charge and whilst the same speak intended to liberate the women has been used to shy us all away from the fact that it was men who did this.  In pursuit of greed and power, our earth as we know it is crumbling beneath our feet.  Once abundant water, air and land resources are now becoming a scarce resource.  Patriarchy is now scrambling for the only control left: Children.  The purpose of course is to indoctrinate patriarchy, a great white lie into our children in hope that they do not open their eyes to learn the truth of the evils that have been done here on a massive scale.    If patriarchy succeeds in confiscating the next generation, all is lost for life as we know it.  We are going to have a generation of disturbed young people in the midst of a crisis.  The breaking of the maternal bond is the last evil perpetrated against nature and one that must be stopped as the intention behind this is certainly not love.  The intention is purely selfish.

ARTICLES

Of human bonding: newborns prefer their mothers' voices 

AJ DeCasper and WP Fifer

By sucking on a nonnutritive nipple in different ways, a newborn human could produce either its mother's voice or the voice of another female. Infants learned how to produce the mother's voice and produced it more often than the other voice. The neonate's preference for the maternal voice suggests that the period shortly after birth may be important for initiating infant bonding to the mother.

Early maternal deprivation reduces prepulse inhibition and impairs spatial learning ability in adulthood: No further effect of post-pubertal chronic corticosterone treatment 

Belinda Garner^a, b, Stephen J. Wood^b, Christos Pantelis^b and Maarten van den Buuse^a, , 

^aBehavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Australia

^bMelbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Sunshine Hospital & The National Neuroscience Facility, Melbourne, Australia

Received 18 August 2006;  

 revised 11 October 2006;  

accepted 13 October 2006.  

 Available online 9 November 2006. 

Abstract

Prolonged maternal deprivation leads to long-term alterations in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity, disturbances of auditory information processing and neurochemical changes in the adult brain, some of which are similar to that observed in schizophrenia. Here we report the adult behavioural effects of maternal deprivation (12 h on postnatal days 9 and 11) in Wistar rats on paradigms of auditory information processing (prepulse inhibition), sensitivity to dopamimetics (amphetamine-induced hyper-locomotion) and cognition (T-maze delayed alternation and Morris water-maze). In addition, we examined the long-lasting effect of chronic 21-day corticosterone treatment during the post-pubertal period (i.e., postnatal days 56–76) on each of these behavioural paradigms in maternally deprived and control rats. Behavioural testing commenced 2 weeks after the termination of corticosterone treatment. Maternal deprivation led to a significant reduction in PPI and impaired spatial learning ability in adulthood, but did not affect the behavioural response to amphetamine. Post-pubertal chronic corticosterone treatment did not have any major long-lasting effects on any of the behavioural measures in either maternally deprived or control rats. Our findings further support maternal deprivation as an animal model of specific aspects of schizophrenia.

Keywords: Schizophrenia; Animal model; Maternal deprivation; Corticosterone; Amphetamine; Prepulse inhibition; T-maze delayed alternation; Morris water-maze

Maternal Deprivation Increases Vulnerability to Morphine Dependence and Disturbs the Enkephalinergic System in Adulthood 

Vincent Vazquez,¹ Jacqueline Penit-Soria,² Claudette Durand,² Marie Jo Besson,² Bruno Giros,¹ and Valérie Daugé¹

¹Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U513, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Psychiatrie, Université Paris XII, Faculté de Médecine, 94010 Créteil, France, and ²Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7624, Laboratoire de Neurochimie Anatomie Institut des Neurosciences, Université ParisVI, 75005 Paris, France

Maternal deprivation can trigger long-lasting molecular and cellular modifications in brain functions and might facilitate the appearance of pathogenic behaviors. This study focuses on the vulnerability to develop morphine dependence in adult rats that were separated from their mother and littermates for 3 h per day for 14 d after birth and examines the adaptive changes in the enkephalinergic pathways. Place-preference conditioning was observed with 2 mg/kg morphine in deprived rats, whereas 5 mg/kg morphine was necessary to induce conditioning in nondeprived animals. A prolonged morphine conditioning was shown in deprived rats. A strong increase in oral morphine self-administration behavior and preference was observed in deprived rats. Only a very slight increase in preference for sucrose solution, a more ethological reinforcer known to interact with the opioid system, was shown in deprived rats. These results indicate that this postnatal environment change leads to a hypersensitivity to the reinforcing properties of morphine and to the development of morphine dependence. A significant decrease in preproenkephalin mRNA expression was observed in the nucleus accumbens and the caudate-putamen nucleus of deprived rats. The basal extracellular levels of the Met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the nucleus accumbens were significantly lower in deprived rats when compared with nondeprived animals, whereas no change in µ-opioid receptor binding occurred. These results strongly support that maternal deprivation leads to a basal hypoactivity of the enkephalinergic system and hypersensitivity to morphine effects.

Together, our results suggest that maternal deprivation in pups likely represents a risk factor for morphine dependence in adult rats.

Key words: maternal deprivation; oral morphine and sucrose self-administration; place-preference paradigm;preproenkephalin mRNA; extracellular Met-enkephalin; µ-opioid receptors

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Received Nov 24, 2004; revised March 9, 2005; accepted March 15, 2005.

Evolutionary neuropathology and Down syndrome: An analysis of the etiological and phenotypical characteristics of Down syndrome suggests that it may represent an adaptive response to severe maternal deprivation 

This paper will suggest that the Down syndrome phenotype would have been well suited, physiologically, for a deprived environment and that it may represent a predictive, adaptive response to severe maternal deprivation. A trisomy of the 21st chromosome, prior to, or at conception is responsible for Down syndrome and is known to increase in incidence with advanced maternal age. One out of 11 mothers over the age of 50 conceives a Down syndrome baby, compared to one in one thousand at age 30. This article emphasizes that an older mother is more likely to die before she is able to provide the parental investment necessary to produce an ecologically self-sufficient offspring. Prolonged maternal investment is known to be essential for hunter-gatherers to master the skill intensive food procurement techniques that they will need in order to become independent of their mothers. Because Down syndrome individuals are much more likely to be born to older mothers, they must have been routinely deprived of maternal investment in the human environment of evolutionary adaptedness. This consistent paring of maternal deprivation to trisomy 21 conceptions, over time, may have caused natural selection to favor genes responsible for the energy conserving traits seen in modern day Down syndrome. These traits include muscle hypotonia, decreased cerebral metabolism, decreased hippocampal volume, a strong propensity for obesity and growth hormone and thyroid hormone paucity. Such a "thrifty phenotype" may have allowed Down syndrome individuals to become independent of their mothers at a far earlier age and allowed them to forgo the skill intensive ecological niche that non-trisomic humans are phenotypically suited for in order to take up a less cognitively and physically rigorous one.